Battagram district is located in Hazara division of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. The total area of the district is 1,301 square kilometers, while the district houses a total population of 307,278 (all is rural)1. The average annual growth rate is -0.58 percent and district’s population density is 204 persons per square kilometers1. For every 100 women there are 107 men in the district. Average household size in the district is 6.6 persons1. Alai and Battagram are two tehsils of the districts whereas there are 20 union councils and 400 villages in the district1.

The literacy ratio in the district accounts to 18.3 percent (males 29.4 percent as against 6.5 percent for females)2. There are 412 health institutions established in the district. For every 12,344 people there is one doctor available in the district while for 80,236 population there is one nurse2. Around 471 percent of the households are using piped water while the access to water in far flung rural area is poor. There is an acute problem of accessibility to road infrastructure as on an average there is 0.17 Km road/sq. Km of the district2. About 42.3 percent housing units have electricity facility while 97 percent households use wood as a source of cooking fuel1. The access of common people to basic civic facilities and amenities in the district is quite ironical, however, the quality of these services are well below the acceptable standards.

Poverty is prevalent in the district and is assuming menacing proportions with the passage of time. Unemployment rate in the district is 41 percent1. More than 65 percent district’s population lies below poverty line and 27 percent population belong to middle-income group that is living hand to mouth3. Poverty in this context perpetuates due to ongoing political instability, uneven distribution of resources, poor human resource development and polarization of power and resources in the hands of a small percentage of population.

The district’s overall performance on gender empowerment is dismal. A low investment in (female) human capital, negative social biases and prejudices, controversial and discriminatory policies and laws, restriction on female mobility and the internalization of patriarchy by women themselves, has become the basis for gender discrimination and disparities in all spheres of life.

Increasing environmental degradation in Pakistan is a constant threat to the biological diversity and natural resource base of the country and is unfavourably influencing the lives of the poorest sections of society. The picture in district Battagram is quite akin with the rest of the country. In 1999-2000, the total area under cultivation was 24,173 hectares and the area under forests was 37,983 hectares2, far below than acceptable standards. The land use and cropping intensity were 47.5 percent and 125.2 percent respectively2. Average per hectare yield of major crops such as maize, rice, and wheat is 1,305 kgs, 1,912 kgs., and 1,531 kgs respectively2. The agriculture land holding is less than 2.1 acres per household3. Buffaloes, cows, sheep, goats are the main sources of milk and meat and on an average there are 358 buffalo/cattle, 328 sheep/goats per 100 households in the district1. It is worth to mention that the last few decades have witnessed increasingly exploitative and disenfranchising practices including illegal timber harvesting, deforestation on mountains and hill sides, rangeland degradation, over-cultivation, uncontrolled grazing, low productivity in agriculture and livestock, poor water resource management and a host of socio-political factors contributing to the ecological degradation.